Sedevacantism is a theological position within traditionalist Catholicism that asserts the papal seat has been vacant since the mid-20th century, primarily due to the changes introduced after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). The term comes from the Latin sede vacante, meaning “the seat being vacant,” traditionally used during interregnums between popes.
1. Origins and Core Beliefs
Sedevacantists believe that Pope Paul VI and all subsequent popes are not legitimate because they embraced teachings perceived as heretical—especially regarding ecumenism, religious liberty, and the liturgical reforms like the introduction of the Novus Ordo Mass in the vernacular. They argue these changes contradict pre-Vatican II Catholic doctrine and represent a break from apostolic tradition.
2. Theological Justification
Sedevacantists base their stance on the traditional Catholic principle that a public heretic cannot validly hold the office of the Pope. They cite historical theologians like St. Robert Bellarmine, who argued that a pope who falls into heresy automatically ceases to be pope. Since they view post-Vatican II popes as promoting modernism and doctrinal error, they conclude these men are not true popes, and the See of Rome remains vacant.
3. Rejection of Modern Church Authority
As a result, sedevacantists:
– Do not recognize the authority of the current Pope or bishops in communion with Rome.
– Reject the validity of the Novus Ordo Mass and many post-conciliar sacraments.
– Often rely on priests and bishops from independent traditionalist groups who claim valid apostolic succession from before Vatican II.
Some groups, like those descended from Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục or Bishop Alfredo Mendez, have provided episcopal leadership for sedevacantist communities, though these consecrations are considered illicit or invalid by the mainstream Church.
4. Distinction from Other Traditionalists
Sedevacantism differs from groups like the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which, while critical of Vatican II, maintains hope for reconciliation with Rome and does not declare the papal seat vacant. Sedevacantists, in contrast, see the post-conciliar Church as in a state of apostasy and consider themselves the true guardians of Catholic orthodoxy.
5. Criticism and Status
The mainstream Catholic Church rejects sedevacantism as schismatic and theologically unsound, arguing that Vatican II’s teachings are consistent with tradition and that Christ’s promise to protect the Church from error (Matthew 16:18) remains intact. Sedevacantist groups remain small and decentralized, with no official recognition from Rome.