N. T. Wright, also known as Tom Wright, is an English New Testament scholar, Pauline theologian, and retired Anglican bishop who was the Bishop of Durham from 2003 to 2010. Born on 1 December 1948 in Morpeth, Northumberland, England, he was ordained in 1975 and earned his Doctor of Divinity (DD) degree from the University of Oxford. He studied Classics and Theology at Exeter College, Oxford, and completed his DPhil at Merton College, Oxford, with a thesis on Pauline theology.
Wright has held academic and ecclesiastical roles at Oxford, Cambridge, and McGill University, Montreal, including serving as a fellow and chaplain at Downing College, Cambridge, and assistant professor of New Testament studies at McGill. He served as Dean of Lichfield (1994–1999), Canon Theologian at Westminster Abbey (2000–2003), and Bishop of Durham (2003–2010), consecrated at York Minster in 2003. After resigning from the episcopate, he became Research Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at St Mary’s College, University of St Andrews, a role he held until 2019.
Since 2019, Wright has been a Senior Research Fellow at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, where he originally studied for the Anglican ministry. He is also Research Professor Emeritus at the University of St Andrews. He is widely recognized for his scholarship on the New Testament, particularly the letters of Paul, and is a leading figure in the “New Perspective on Paul” movement, which seeks to interpret Paul within his first-century Jewish context rather than through later Protestant theological frameworks. His work emphasizes a biblical re-evaluation of theological concepts such as justification, the resurrection, and the nature of Christian hope, critiquing popular views like the literal rapture and the idea of salvation as a private escape to heaven.
Wright has authored over 80 books, including the acclaimed multi-volume series Christian Origins and the Question of God, which includes The Resurrection of the Son of God (2003) and Paul and the Faithfulness of God (2013). Other notable works include Surprised by Hope (2008), Simply Christian (2010), The Day the Revolution Began (2016), and Jesus and the Powers (2024), co-written with Michael F. Bird. He has also written the For Everyone series of New Testament commentaries and contributed to the New Testament For Everyone Bible translation. His writings have been translated into numerous languages and have influenced both academic and lay audiences.
Wright is known for his public engagement, having appeared on BBC, The Colbert Report, and Fresh Air, and delivering the Gifford Lectures at the University of Aberdeen in 2018. He is married to Maggie, has four children, and four grandchildren, and enjoys music, poetry, hill walking, and golf.
N.T. Wright, a former Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and a respected New Testament scholar, has gained widespread influence through his numerous books, lectures, and academic contributions. He is well-known for his work on the historical resurrection of Jesus Christ, where he provides strong, evidence-based defenses that align with the biblical account. However, despite his strengths in certain areas, Wright’s teachings on the doctrine of justification—central to the New Perspective on Paul—fundamentally depart from the biblical gospel, placing him outside the bounds of orthodoxy and making him a false teacher on this core issue.
The Danger of the New Perspective on Paul
Wright is one of the most prominent proponents of the New Perspective on Paul (NPP), a theological framework that reinterprets key aspects of Paul’s teaching on justification. According to Wright, justification is not primarily about how a sinner is made right with God through faith alone in Christ’s finished work. Instead, he presents justification as an eschatological declaration that someone is part of the covenant community, marked by their faith and loyalty to Jesus as Lord. Wright’s redefinition shifts the focus of justification from the imputation of Christ’s righteousness through the believer’s union with Him, to a declaration of membership within God’s covenant people.
However, the Bible clearly teaches that justification is God’s act of declaring a sinner righteous through faith alone in Christ alone, based solely on Christ’s perfect obedience and atoning sacrifice (Romans 3:21-26; 2 Corinthians 5:21). Paul explicitly states that “to the one who does not work but believes in him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted as righteousness” (Romans 4:5). This imputed righteousness is not something that belongs to us inherently or that God recognizes through our works, but it is the righteousness of Christ credited to us through faith in Christ, a concept that is completely undermined by Wright’s teaching. By redefining justification as merely a status of belonging to the covenant people, Wright distorts the heart of the gospel and presents a works-oriented view that is incompatible with the biblical doctrine of salvation by grace alone through faith alone.
The Downplaying of the Doctrine of Imputation
Wright outright denies the doctrine of the imputation of Christ’s righteousness, stating that there is no biblical basis for it. Instead of seeing Christ’s perfect obedience and sacrificial death as something that is credited to believers, Wright teaches that justification is merely God’s acknowledgment of one’s faith as being part of the family of believers. This is a serious departure from Scripture, which consistently teaches that our only hope of righteousness before a holy God is through the imputed righteousness of Christ. For example, in Philippians 3:9, Paul declares his desire to “be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but that which comes through faith in Christ, the righteousness from God that depends on faith.” Wright’s view fundamentally denies this aspect of justification, replacing it with a legalistic framework that ultimately shifts the basis of righteousness from Christ’s finished work to human performance.
Undermining the Reformation’s Biblical Clarity
Wright’s teachings on justification and the New Perspective not only undermine the core of the gospel but also represent a direct challenge to the Reformation’s recovery of the biblical doctrine of salvation by grace through faith. The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the central issue of the Reformation and remains the cornerstone of true Christian faith. The Westminster Confession of Faith, echoing Scripture, rightly teaches that “those whom God effectually calls, He also freely justifies; not by infusing righteousness into them, but by pardoning their sins, and by accounting and accepting their persons as righteous; not for anything wrought in them, or done by them, but for Christ’s sake alone” (WCF 11.1). By redefining this doctrine, Wright effectively promotes a gospel that deviates from the one delivered to the saints, a gospel that Paul warns against in Galatians 1:8-9, saying, “But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to the one we preached to you, let him be accursed.”
Conclusion: A Call for Discernment
While N.T. Wright is commendable in some areas, such as his defense of the resurrection, his teaching on justification through the New Perspective on Paul is not a minor error but a fundamental departure from the biblical gospel. His rejection of imputed righteousness, his redefinition of justification as a mere badge of covenant membership, and his emphasis on human performance within salvation distort the clear teaching of Scripture and lead believers away from the truth that salvation is by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8-9).
Scripture warns us to avoid false teachers and teachings that deviate from the gospel once delivered to the saints (Jude 1:3-4). Paul’s words to the Galatians remind us that any gospel that adds to or alters the finished work of Christ is no gospel at all (Galatians 1:6-9). For this reason, believers must exercise discernment and avoid N.T. Wright’s teachings on justification, as they present a false view of the gospel that leads away from the assurance, peace, and hope that come from resting in Christ’s perfect work on our behalf. The stakes are eternal, and fidelity to the true gospel is of utmost importance. Therefore, despite Wright’s strengths in other areas, his erroneous teaching on justification makes him a false teacher who should be avoided.
